Postprandial Hypersomnolosis
Postprandial Hypersomnolosis (or PPHS) is a temporary state of lethargy, lack of energy, and loss of motivation to perform common tasks accompanied by an inability to stay awake. It is a non-communicable disease that has a co-dominant inheritance pattern. People suffering from PPHS, called Hypersomnoletics, often experience Hypersomnoletic sleep crises, which are bouts of extreme drowsiness and coma-like sleep. PPHS most commonly first presents during infancy. Symptoms may decrease during childhood and adolescence, but increase with age beginning in early adulthood. Those who are carriers of the disease are often resistant to sleep disorders with opposing effects, such as insomnia. Current trials are being conducted to harness the properties of PPHS as therapeutic treatments to these disorders.
Contents
[hide]
• 1 Signs and symptoms
• 2 Pathophysiology
• 3 History and Genetics
o 3.1 Inheritance
• 4 Epidemiology
• 5 Treatment
• 6 References
Signs and symptoms
PPHS is characterized by an immediate fatigue following consumption of rich foods high in tryptophan. An inability to remain awake when previously quite alert is very common; this can help differentiate PPHS from other causes of lethargy or extreme tiredness. After meals, sufferers of PPHS frequently nap, discontinue engaging in strenuous activities, and cancel any plans they may have. A severe case of PPHS can greatly interfere with a person’s daily life.
Pathophysiology
There are several factors that contribute to the symptoms of Postprandial Hypersomnolosis. One commonly accepted cause is physiological change brought about by the sudden switch of the domination of the sympathetic nervous system. Recent research suggests that the symptoms are also caused by a lack of oxygen to the brain resulting from all resources being directed to the digestive system.
The trigger to PPHS symptoms is an amino acid present in common foods like turkey, beef, chicken, fish, and cheese. Tryptophan is transported across the blood-brain barrier by a large neutral amino acid transporter (LAT). After tryptophan enters the central nervous system (CNS), the normal enzymatic pathway in the raphe nuclei converts it to serotonin, a neurotransmitter. Over a series of enzymatic reactions, the serotonin is converted into melatonin, a hormone that causes drowsiness in humans, by the pineal gland. Melatonin release from pineal gland is triggered by darkness.
History and Genetics
Postprandial Hypersomnolosis originates from sub-Sahara Africa. Sub-Saharan Africans would often rest after eating instead of trying to hunt or participate in other physical activities because they'd be more at risk from being injured by the animals and other dangerous elements of their surroundings. Their behavior was due to a polymorphism in the gene for the large neutral amino acid transporter small subunit 3 found on chromosome 11 [11p11.1-p11.2]. Those who had the polymorphism causing PPHS could produce enough melatonin and could survive though they had to sleep after eating. Those who didn’t have the polymorphism could not produce sufficient amounts of melatonin because of over exposure to sunlight. Those people would often suffer fatal injuries during hunting or illness due to drowsiness or lack of sleep. Those affected with the polymorphism would produce sufficient amounts of or often overproduce melatonin and thus would have no difficulty sleeping. Thus they would be more alert during hunting times and have stronger immune systems. According to theories of Charles Darwin, these people had better survival rates and thus perpetuated the polymorphism in future generations.
Inheritance
PPHS is an autosomal co-dominant trait. If a person receives two PPHS genes from both parents, they will have a more severe form of PPHS. Someone who only inherits one gene will have a lesser form; the condition may even have such mild effects that individuals will not realize they’re afflicted with PPHS
Epidemiology
One-third of all indigenous inhabitants of Sub-Saharan Africa carry the gene for postprandial hypersomnolosis. . The prevalence of the disease in the United States is approximately 1 in 500 African-Americans, according to the National Institutes of Health. Other populations: 1/100,000 Hispanic, 1/100,000,000 Caucasian, 1/100,000,000 Asian.
Treatment
Other names for Postprandial Hypersomnolosis are Macajuel Syndrome or the better known, but less politically correct slang term Niggeritis. Commonly accepted treatments for PPHS are grape soda and crack-cocaine (although users of crack-cocaine rarely suffer from PPHS, research suggests this may be because they never actually eat).
PPHS and You/ Coping with Niggeritis
There is no cure for this condition. Early detection in childhood is key, especially in children of African descent. Neonates and infants that are observed undergoing fits of "sound" sleeping after feeding should be diagnosed and educated about PPHS as they grow. PPHS sufferers are encouraged to carry PPHS identification cards in case they are found sleeping and disoriented in public places like restaurants, outdoor cafes, and the backs of movie theatres after the movie is over and everyone else has already vacated the theatre.
Prevention of Postprandial Hypersomnoletic Sleeping Crises
Avoid eating foods such as fried chicken, collard greens, Kool-Aid, Grandma’s macaroni and cheese, barbeque ribs, and rice and beans. Replace your meals with options such as mayonnaise sandwiches. Hypersomnoletics should plan meals during times of day and in locations that will make it safe to sleep afterwards. It is usually best to eat the largest meals of the day during the evening so that a sleep crisis will not disrupt daily activities.
References
1. http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O75387
2. Jenkins (2008). "Assay of Melatonin Analogues in Sub-Saharan Africans”. N. Engl. J. Med. 358 (13): 1362–9
3. Black Science Today (2003). " Sleep Disorder Treatment by Inducing Postprandial Hypersomnolosis " . 285 (37): 609–17
![]()
src="Postprandial_hypersomnolosis_files/image001.gif" align=right hspace=12
alt="Text Box: Postprandial Hypersomnolosis
Classification and external resources
"
v:shapes="_x0000_s1032">Postprandial
Hypersomnolosis · lang=EN style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:EN'>href="http://www.stumbleupon.com/tag/medical%20science/"
title="See related pages" ondblclick=slz slt="" style='float:none'>style='font-size:12.0pt;color:#8284CC;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>Medical
Science
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Postprandial Hypersomnolosis (or PPHS)lang=EN style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ansi-language:EN'> is a
temporary state of lethargy, lack of energy, and loss of motivation to perform
common tasks accompanied by an inability to stay awake. It is a
non-communicable disease that has a co-dominant inheritance pattern. People
suffering from PPHS, called Hypersomnoletics, often experience Hypersomnoletic
sleep crises, which are bouts of extreme drowsiness and coma-like sleep. PPHS
most commonly first presents during infancy. Symptoms may decrease during
childhood and adolescence, but increase with age beginning in early adulthood.
Those who are carriers of the disease are often resistant to sleep disorders
with opposing effects, such as insomnia. Current trials are being conducted to
harness the properties of PPHS as therapeutic treatments to these disorders.style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
class=editsection>style='mso-spacerun:yes'> [href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sickle-cell_disease&action=edit§ion=2"
title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms">edit]style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:EN'> Signs and symptoms
PPHS is characterized by an immediate fatigue following
consumption of rich foods high in tryptophan. An inability to remain awake when
src="Postprandial_hypersomnolosis_files/image008.gif" align=right hspace=12
alt="449px-Tryptophan_metabolism.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_0">lang=EN style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ansi-language:EN'>previously
quite alert is very common; this can help differentiate PPHS from other causes
of lethargy or extreme tiredness. After meals, sufferers of PPHS frequently
nap, discontinue engaging in strenuous activities, and cancel any plans they
may have. A severe case of PPHS can greatly interfere with a person’s daily life.
id="Vaso-occlusive_crisis">class=editsection>[href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sickle-cell_disease&action=edit§ion=8"
title="Edit section: Pathophysiology">edit]style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:EN'> Pathophysiologyclass=mw-headline>
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>
There are several factors that contribute to the symptoms
of Postprandial Hypersomnolosis. One commonly accepted cause is physiological
change brought about by the sudden switch of the domination of the sympathetic
nervous system. Recent research suggests
that the symptoms are also caused by a lack of oxygen to the brain resulting
from all resources being directed to the digestive system.
The trigger to PPHS symptoms is an amino acid present in
common foods like turkey, beef, chicken, fish, and cheese. Tryptophan is
transported across the blood-brain barrier by a large neutral amino acid
transporter (LAT). After tryptophan enters the central nervous system (CNS),
the normal enzymatic pathway in the raphe nuclei converts it to serotonin, a
neurotransmitter. Over a series of enzymatic reactions, the serotonin is
converted into melatonin, a hormone that causes drowsiness in humans, by the
pineal gland. Melatonin release from pineal
gland is triggered by darkness.
class=editsection>
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:EN'>[href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sickle-cell_disease&action=edit§ion=9"
title="Edit section: Genetics">edit]style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:EN'> History and Geneticsstyle='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>
Postprandial Hypersomnolosis originates from sub-Sahara
Africa. Sub-Saharan Africans would often rest after eating instead of trying to
hunt or participate in other physical activities because they'd be more at risk
from being injured by the animals and other dangerous elements of their
surroundings. Their behavior was due to a polymorphism in the gene for the
large neutral amino acid transporter small subunit 3 found on chromosome 11 [11p11.1-p11.2].
Those who had the polymorphism causing PPHS could produce enough melatonin and
could survive though they had to sleep after eating. Those who didn’t have the
polymorphism could not produce sufficient amounts of melatonin because of over exposure
to sunlight. Those people would often suffer fatal injuries during hunting or
illness due to drowsiness or lack of sleep. Those affected with the
polymorphism would produce sufficient amounts of or often overproduce melatonin
and thus would have no difficulty sleeping. Thus they would be more alert
during hunting times and have stronger immune systems. According to theories of
Charles Darwin, these people had better survival rates and thus src="Postprandial_hypersomnolosis_files/image010.gif" align=right hspace=12
v:shapes="Picture_x0020_22">perpetuated the polymorphism in future generations.
lang=EN style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:EN'> [href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sickle-cell_disease&action=edit§ion=10"
title="Edit section: Inheritance">edit]style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:EN'> Inheritanceclass=mw-headline>
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN;font-weight:normal;mso-bidi-font-weight:
bold'>PPHS is an autosomal co-dominant trait. If a person receives two PPHS
genes from both parents, they will have a more severe form of PPHS. Someone who
only inherits one gene will have a lesser form; the condition may even have
such mild effects that individuals will not realize they’re afflicted with PPHS
![]()
src="Postprandial_hypersomnolosis_files/image011.gif" align=right hspace=12
alt="Text Box: PPHS is inherited in the co-dominant pattern.
"
v:shapes="_x0000_s1033">style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";font-weight:normal;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:EN'> class=mw-headline>Epidemiology
One-third of all href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples"
title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous inhabitants of href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa"
title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa carry the gene for
postprandial hypersomnolosis. . The prevalence of the disease in the
United
States is approximately 1 in 500 African-Americans, according to the
National Institutes of Health. Other populations: 1/100,000 Hispanic,
1/100,000,000 Caucasian, 1/100,000,000 Asian. style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";font-weight:normal;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>
![]()
src="Postprandial_hypersomnolosis_files/image013.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_23">lang=EN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ansi-language:
EN;font-weight:normal;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
![]()
src="Postprandial_hypersomnolosis_files/image015.jpg"
alt="800px-Paludisme_-_Frequence_statistique" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_140">lang=EN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ansi-language:
EN;font-weight:normal;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>
Distribution of the PPHS trait shown in pink and purplestyle='mso-spacerun:yes'> Modern distribution of PPHSstyle='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>
lang=EN style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:EN'> [href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sickle-cell_disease&action=edit§ion=11"
title="Edit section: Treatment">edit]style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:EN'> Treatmentclass=mw-headline>
Other names
for Postprandial Hypersomnolosis are Macajuel Syndrome or the better known, but
less politically correct slang term Niggeritis. Commonly accepted treatments
for PPHS are grape soda and crack-cocaine (although users of crack-cocaine
rarely suffer from PPHS, research suggests this may be because they never
actually eat).
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN'>PPHS and You/ Coping with Niggeritis
lang=EN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN'>style='mso-spacerun:yes'> There is no
cure for this condition. Early detection in childhood is key, especially in
children of African descent. Neonates and infants that are observed undergoing
fits of "sound" sleeping after feeding should be diagnosed and
educated about PPHS as they grow. PPHS sufferers are encouraged to carry PPHS
identification cards in case they are found sleeping and disoriented in public
places like restaurants, outdoor cafes, and the backs of movie theatres after
the movie is over and everyone else has already vacated the theatre.
Prevention
of Postprandial Hypersomnoletic Sleeping Crises
lang=EN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN;font-weight:normal;mso-bidi-font-weight:
bold'>Avoid eating foods such as fried chicken, collard greens, Kool-Aid,
Grandma’s macaroni and cheese, barbeque ribs, and rice and beans. Replace your
meals with options such as mayonnaise sandwiches. Hypersomnoletics should plan
meals during times of day and in locations that will make it safe to sleep
afterwards. It is usually best to eat the largest meals of the day during the
evening so that a sleep crisis will not disrupt daily activities.
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> ![]()
src="Postprandial_hypersomnolosis_files/image017.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_145">lang=EN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN;font-weight:normal;mso-bidi-font-weight:
bold'> ![]()
src="Postprandial_hypersomnolosis_files/image025.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_150">lang=EN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN;font-weight:normal;mso-bidi-font-weight:
bold'>
A typical meal of a Hypersomnoletic. style='mso-spacerun:yes'> Man suffering from sleep crisis.